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[132] [133] In general in the Arab world, the term "white" was used to refer to Arabs, Persians, Greeks, Turks, Slavs, and other peoples in the north. [134] According to historian Arnold J. Toynbee, Arab rulers of the Umayyad Caliphate would sometimes refer to Persians and Turkish subjects as "the ruddy people", implying their racial ...
Barbara Mertz wrote in 2011: "Egyptian civilization was not Mediterranean or African, Semitic or Hamitic, black or white, but all of them. It was, in short, Egyptian." [67] Kathryn Bard wrote in 2014: "Egyptians were the indigenous farmers of the lower Nile valley, neither black nor white as races are conceived of today". [68]
It is typically associated with the rulers and Pharaohs of Lower Egypt. The word Deshret is also the name for the arid land surrounding the Nile River area. [10] The red color of the Crown is symbolic of the “red land”, arid desert land that surrounded the fertile “black land” of Kemet. [11]
In one famous case, a somewhat dark-skinned girl named Sandra Laing was born to two white parents. In 1966, when Sandra was age 11, she was subjected to a pencil test by "a stranger" and subsequently excluded from her all-white school when she failed the test. [5] She was reclassified from her birth race of white to coloured. [5]
First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. 12 years, c. 2850 BC Nynetjer [54] Banetjer Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. c. 2775 - c. 2730 BC Ba – May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer.
The Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXV, alternatively 25th Dynasty or Dynasty 25), also known as the Nubian Dynasty, the Kushite Empire, the Black Pharaohs, [2] [3] or the Napatans, after their capital Napata, [4] was the last dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt that occurred after the Kushite invasion.