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A bounded wildcard is one with either an upper or a lower inheritance constraint. The bound of a wildcard can be either a class type, interface type, array type, or type variable. Upper bounds are expressed using the extends keyword and lower bounds using the super keyword. Wildcards can state either an upper bound or a lower bound, but not both.
Similarly, a function g defined on domain D and having the same codomain (K, ≤) is an upper bound of f, if g(x) ≥ f (x) for each x in D. The function g is further said to be an upper bound of a set of functions, if it is an upper bound of each function in that set.
To specify the upper bound of a type wildcard, the extends keyword is used to indicate that the type argument is a subtype of the bounding class. [12] So List <? extends Number > means that the given list contains objects of some unknown type which extends the Number class. For example, the list could be List<Float> or List<Number>.
The Test.min function uses simple bounded quantification and does not ensure the objects are mutually comparable, in contrast with the Test.fMin function which uses F-bounded quantification. In mathematical notation, the types of the two functions are min: ∀ T, ∀ S ⊆ {compareTo: T → int}. S → S → S fMin: ∀ T ⊆ Comparable[T]. T ...
In our example, the set {,} is an upper bound for the collection of elements {{}, {}}. Fig. 6 Nonnegative integers , ordered by divisibility As another example, consider the positive integers , ordered by divisibility: 1 is a least element, as it divides all other elements; on the other hand this poset does not have a greatest element.
Although reserved as a keyword in Java, const is not used and has no function. [2] [26] For defining constants in Java, see the final keyword. goto Although reserved as a keyword in Java, goto is not used and has no function. [2] [26] strictfp (added in J2SE 1.2) [4] Although reserved as a keyword in Java, strictfp is obsolete, and no longer ...
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When an array is numerically indexed, its range is the upper and lower bound of the array. Depending on the environment, a warning, a fatal exception, or unpredictable behavior will occur if the program attempts to access an array element that is outside the range.