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Recognition of extracellular or endosomal pathogen-associated molecular patterns is mediated by transmembrane proteins known as toll-like receptors (TLRs). [7] TLRs share a typical structural motif, the leucine rich repeats (LRR), which give them their specific appearance and are also responsible for TLR functionality. [8]
The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, cells of the adaptive immunity T cells, and B cells, and non-immune cells (epithelial and endothelial ...
NKG2D is a major recognition receptor for the detection and elimination of transformed and infected cells as its ligands are induced during cellular stress, either as a result of infection or genomic stress such as in cancer. [27] In NK cells, NKG2D serves as an activating receptor, which itself is able to trigger cytotoxicity.
Schematic of the relation between an immunoglobulin and RAGE Schematic of the RAGE gene and its products. RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts), also called AGER, is a 35 kilodalton transmembrane receptor [5] of the immunoglobulin super family which was first characterized in 1992 by Neeper et al. [6] Its name comes from its ability to bind advanced glycation endproducts (), which ...
Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that form the cornerstone of the innate immune system. [5] [6] [7] TLR1 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and glycolipids in complex with TLR2. TLR1 is a cell surface receptor. [5]
The well-described receptors are NOD1 and NOD2. The recognition of their ligands recruits oligomerization of NACHT domain and CARD-CARD interaction with CARD-containing serine-threonin kinase RIP2 which leads to activation of RIP2. [11] RIP2 mediates the recruitment of kinase TAK1 which phosphorylates and activates IκB kinase.
The first function described for TLR4 was the recognition of exogenous molecules from pathogens (PAMPs), in particular LPS molecules from gram-negative bacteria. [13] As pattern recognition receptor, TLR4 plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity which is the first line of defense against invading micro-organisms.
RIG-I-like receptors (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, RLRs) are a type of intracellular pattern recognition receptor involved in the recognition of viruses by the innate immune system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] RIG-I (retinoic-acid inducible gene or DDX58) is the best characterized receptor within the RIG-I like receptor (RLR) family.