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Hannibal was distinguished for his ability to determine both his and his opponent's respective strengths and weaknesses, and to plan battles accordingly. His well-planned strategies allowed him to conquer and ally with several Italian cities that were previously allied to Rome. Hannibal occupied most of southern Italy for 15 years.
Hannibal's March on Rome occurred in 211 BC during the Second Punic War; the Carthaginian leader Hannibal marched by surprise with his army towards Rome, initially causing great concern among the leaders and citizens of the republic. The raid, however, ended in failure; soon, faced with firm resistance from the Romans, Hannibal left the city to ...
The Senate, aware that the only organized military forces between Hannibal and Rome were four ill-trained demoralized legions, decided to raise two legions to garrison Rome, [219] and would eventually recall Sempronius to aid Scipio, this eliminating the threat of invasion against Carthage for the next 14 years as Hannibal had hoped. [220]
The Battle of Cannae (/ ˈ k æ n i,-eɪ,-aɪ /; [c] Latin: [ˈkanːae̯]) was a key engagement of the Second Punic War between the Roman Republic and Carthage, fought on 2 August 216 BC near the ancient village of Cannae in Apulia, southeast Italy.
After the final Carthaginian naval defeat at the Aegates Islands, [3] the Carthaginians surrendered in the First Punic War. [4] Hamilcar Barca (Barca meaning lightning), [5] a leading member of the patriotic Barcine party in Carthage and a general in the First Punic War, sought to remedy the losses that Carthage had suffered in Sicily to the Romans.
[105] [115] There, the following year, Hannibal won a victory at Cannae which Richard Miles describes as "Rome's greatest military disaster". [116] The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. [ 117 ]
The Romans had attempted to march on Capua several times since its defection but were thwarted by the return of Hannibal's army rushing to its defence. In 212 BC, undeterred by the loss of some 16,000 men to Hannibal at the Battle of Herdonia, Rome made the capture of Capua their main priority and both consular armies were sent to besiege the city.
A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of Saguntum, well south of the Ebro. [8] In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum, [9] [10] which led Rome to declare war on Carthage. [11]