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Philip II of Macedon - Roman medallion depicting the Macedonian king. If Philip II of Macedon had not been the father of Alexander the Great, he would be more widely known as a first-rate military innovator, tactician and strategist, and as a consummate politician. The conquests of Alexander would have been impossible without the army his ...
Philip II was a hostage in Thebes for much of his youth (367–360), where he witnessed the combat tactics of the general Epaminondas, which then influenced his restructuring of the infantry. [2] Philip's military reforms were a new approach to the current hoplite warfare which focused on their shield, the aspis ; his focus was on a new weapon ...
While in Thebes, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from Epaminondas, and lived with Pammenes, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the Sacred Band of Thebes. In 364 BC, Philip returned to Macedon. In 359 BC, perhaps in May, [12] Philip's other brother, King Perdiccas III, died in battle against the Illyrians.
Sculpted portrait of Philip II of Macedon, a Roman era copy of a Hellenistic Greek original from the 4th-3rd century BC, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. By 354/353 BC, in just 5 years since his accession, Philip had unified Macedon and turned it into the dominant power in Northern Greece.
Here, Philip was decisively beaten, with 8,000 of his men killed and 5,000 taken prisoner, about half of his entire army. [17] [18] The defeat left Philip with a weakened kingdom. Consequently, the king set about a system of reforms and reorganized his kingdom, especially in increasing his manpower base for future campaigns.
Goldsworthy argues that Alexander's success and achievements wouldn't have been possible without Philip. Philip's military reforms and victories, along with uniting the Greek city-states under Macedonian rule, laid the foundation for Alexander's future conquests.. [2] [8] Phillip built a strong army and greatly expanded his territory over decades.
Macedonia (/ ˌ m æ s ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə / ⓘ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía), also called Macedon (/ ˈ m æ s ɪ d ɒ n / MASS-ih-don), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, [6] which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. [7]
The war was finally ended in 346 BC, by the forces not of Thebes, or any of the city-states, but of Philip of Macedon, to whom the city-states had grown desperate enough to turn. This signalled the rise of Macedon within Greece and finally brought to an end a Theban hegemony which had already been in decline.