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Conversely, extroverts are energized by social situations and tend to be assertive multi-taskers who think out loud and on their feet. [11] Cain notes that between one-third and one-half of Americans may be classified as introverts, [11] [21] though individuals fall at different places along an introvert-extrovert spectrum. [10]
Extravert (Jung's spelling, although some dictionaries prefer the variant extrovert) Introvert; Extraversion means "outward-turning" and introversion means "inward-turning". [21] These specific definitions vary somewhat from the popular usage of the words. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called attitudes.
Cain argues that the extrovert ideal has made it difficult for introverts to thrive and succeed in the United States. Cain also introduced definitions and parameters for temperament. According to the Cain, temperament (extroversion and introversion) is a person's core personality and influences many of the traits the person develops over his or ...
Some claim that Americans live in an "extraverted society" [65] that rewards extravert behavior and rejects introversion. [66] This is because the U.S. is a culture of external personality, whereas in some other cultures people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude". [67]
Theories could also be considered an "approach" to personality or psychology and is generally referred to as a model. The model is an older and more theoretical approach to personality, accepting extroversion and introversion as basic psychological orientations in connection with two pairs of psychological functions:
Introversion: "a turning inwards of the libido, whereby a negative relation of subject to object is expressed. Interest does not move towards the object, but recedes towards the subject." [1] Consciously, in an introvert, the four basic cognitive functions follow the introverted 'general attitude of consciousness'. "Everyone whose attitude is ...
Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts. They tend to seem quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression, but as greater independence of their social world than extraverts.
Stable introverts (phlegmatic qualities such as calm, even-tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive) Unstable introverts (melancholic qualities such as quiet, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody) Further research demonstrated the need for a third category of temperament: [3]