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Effective concentration (activity) 1 mol/L for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species; Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa).
Ionic potential is the ratio of the electrical charge (z) to the radius (r) of an ion. [1]= = As such, this ratio is a measure of the charge density at the surface of the ion; usually the denser the charge, the stronger the bond formed by the ion with ions of opposite charge.
The equation for local ion density can be substituted into the Poisson equation under the assumptions that the work being done is only electric work, and that the concentration of salt is much higher than the concentration of ions. [4] The electric work to bring an ion of charge to a surface with potential ψ can be represented by =. [4]
In short, an electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge. This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a dynamic (time-varying) electric field at a specific time with the unit joules per coulomb (J⋅C −1) or volt (V). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.
Since the electrons move about 600 times as fast as the ions, 600 times as many electrons will strike the wire as ions. If the wire is insulated it must assume such a negative potential that it receives equal numbers of electrons and ions, that is, such a potential that it repels all but 1 in 600 of the electrons headed for it."
z j = number of charges of the j th ion; e = the elementary charge, 1.6022 × 10 −19 C; 4πε 0 = 1.112 × 10 −10 C 2 /(J⋅m); ε 0 is the permittivity of free space. If the distances r ij are normalized to the nearest neighbor distance r 0, the potential may be written
The electrostatic potential energy, E pair, between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is: = where z = magnitude of charge on one ion e = elementary charge, 1.6022 × 10 −19 C ε 0 = permittivity of free space 4 π ε 0 = 1.112 × 10 −10 C 2 /(J·m)
In generic terms, electrochemical potential is the mechanical work done in bringing 1 mole of an ion from a standard state to a specified concentration and electrical potential. According to the IUPAC definition, [4] it is the partial molar Gibbs energy of the substance at the specified electric potential, where the substance is in a specified ...