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A Toltec-style clay vessel (American Museum of Natural History).The Toltec culture (/ ˈ t ɒ l t ɛ k /) was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 CE. [1]
The Toltec Empire, [4] Toltec Kingdom [5] or Altepetl Tollan [1] was a political entity in pre-Hispanic Mexico. It existed through the classic and post-classic periods of Mesoamerican chronology , but gained most of its power in the post-classic.
The history of the city remained important up through the Aztec Empire and is reported in the codices written after the Spanish conquest. However, most of these stories are heavy in myth. [2] [3] These tend to start with the Toltecs and the city of Tula, followed by the migration of the Mexica to the Valley of Mexico. [6]
The Aztec oral and pictographic tradition also described the history of the Toltec empire, giving lists of rulers and their exploits. Among modern scholars, it is a matter of debate whether the Aztec narratives of Toltec history should be given credence as descriptions of actual historical events.
Tula, Hidalgo and Chichen Itza share numerous architectural similarities not found in other Maya or Toltec sites. The Temples of the Warriors, two corresponding buildings in each site, are of equivalent style, they both have pillars inscribed with warriors, and the warriors in Chichen Itza portray a possible invasion by Toltecs. [5]
The Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca is a 16th-century Nahuatl-language manuscript, dealing with the history of Cuauhtinchan. It is now in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris. The text describes the history of the Toltecs and the Chichimecas from before the Chichimecan migration until 1544. [1] It was written on European paper between 1547 and 1560 ...
Culhuacan (Classical Nahuatl: Cōlhuàcān [koːlˈwaʔkaːn]) was one of the Nahuatl-speaking pre-Columbian city-states of the Valley of Mexico.According to tradition, Culhuacan was founded by the Toltecs under Mixcoatl and was the first Toltec city. [1]
A number of contemporary Mesoamerican studies question whether the Toltec existed as a coherent state or group at all, and likewise whether Huemac was an actual figure remains highly debatable. After the fall of the Toltec capital Huemac traveled for some years with a diminishing band of followers, and then died in a cave at Chapultepec , part ...