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In the Ottoman Empire, it was usually applied to Orthodox Christians. [124] [125] Heathen A person who does not belong to a widely held religion (especially one who is not a Christian, Jewish, or Muslim) as regarded by those who do. [126] Infidel A term used generally for non-believers. [127] Kafir A person who is a non believer. [128]
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.It encompasses a wide range of viewpoints drawn from various philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, religious skepticism, rationalism, secularism, and non-religious spirituality.
Each poll uses different questions and methods:- The WIN/Gallup International poll asked "Irrespective of whether you attend a place of worship or not, would you say that you are a religious person, not a religious person or a convinced atheist?" Dentsu Communication Institute provides data for respondents who stated that they have "no religion".
When asked, around a third (24%-34% in different years) answered they were "not religious", and another 8% as atheist. [47] Many of these identify/affiliate themselves with established religious groups and most believe in God. [46] [48] In one survey, 88% considered themselves as at least moderately spiritual. [45]
The term is used in different ... the Mu'tazila believed that there was a status between believer and unbeliever called ... Raziuddin Aquil states that "non ...
Christians used the term infidel to describe those perceived as the enemies of Christianity. After the ancient world, the concept of otherness, an exclusionary notion of the outside by societies with more or less coherent cultural boundaries, became associated with the development of the monotheistic and prophetic religions of Judaism ...
Historically, the words religious and spiritual have been used synonymously to describe all the various aspects of the concept of religion. [1] However, religion is a highly contested term with scholars such as Russell McCutcheon arguing that the term "religion" is used as a way to name a "seemingly distinct domain of diverse items of human activity and production". [6]
In non-Muslim majority countries, Muslims may identify themselves by distinguishing themselves as practicing vs. not-practicing and believer vs. non-believer. [28] Usually, ritual practicing ones are presumed to be believers, while non-practicing ones may be believers or non-believers.