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When Emmental cheese is being produced, P. freudenreichii ferments lactate to form acetate, propionate, and carbon dioxide: (3 C 3 H 6 O 3 → 2 C 2 H 5 CO 2 + C 2 H 3 O 2 + CO 2). [2] The products of this fermentation contribute to the nutty and sweet flavors of the cheese, and the carbon dioxide byproduct is responsible for forming the holes ...
Members of the genus Propionibacterium are widely used in the production of vitamin B 12, tetrapyrrole compounds, and propionic acid, as well as in the probiotics and cheese industries. [7] The strain Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii is used in cheesemaking to create CO 2 bubbles that become "eyes"—round holes in the cheese. [8]
In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria (propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. [3] [4] These bacteria transform lactic acid into propionic acid and carbon dioxide, according to the formula: 3 lactate → 2 propionate + acetate + CO 2 + H 2 O [5]
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Lactobacillus helveticus is a gram-positive, lactic-acid producing, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Lactobacillus. [1] It is most commonly used in the production of American Swiss cheese and Emmental cheese, but is also sometimes used in making other styles of cheese, such as Cheddar, Parmesan, Romano, provolone, and mozzarella.
Baby Swiss and Lacy Swiss are two varieties of American Swiss cheeses. Both have small holes and a mild flavor. Baby Swiss is made from whole milk, and Lacy Swiss is made from low fat milk. [18] Baby Swiss was developed in the mid-1960s outside of Charm, Ohio, by the Guggisberg Cheese Company, owned by Alfred Guggisberg. [19]
Brined or pickled cheese is matured in a solution of brine in an airtight or semi-permeable container. This process gives the cheese good stability, inhibiting bacterial growth even in hot environments. [54] Brined cheeses may be soft or hard, varying in moisture content, and in color and flavor, according to the type of milk used.