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Nationalizing the salt and iron trades eliminated this threat and produced large profits for the state. [7] This policy was successful in financing Emperor Wu's campaigns of challenging the nomadic Xiongnu Confederation while colonizing the Hexi Corridor and what is now Xinjiang of Central Asia, Northern Vietnam, Yunnan, and North Korea. [8]
Bureau of Salt and Iron Monopoly (鹽鐵司) - responsible for industries related to public work, notably the production and distribution or merchandise of salt, but also other areas such as the production of weaponry Military (bing'an) Armaments (zhou'an) Market tax (shangshui'an) Capital supply (duyan'an) Tea (cha'an) Iron (tie'an)
At the beginning of the Han dynasty, China's salt enterprises were privately owned by a number of wealthy merchants and subordinate regional kings. The profits of these industries rivaled the funds of the imperial court. [68] Emperor Wu had nationalized the salt and iron industries by 117 BC. [69] The government also instituted a liquor ...
During Western Han, the Minister of Finance managed the government's monopolized salt and iron agencies, which were abolished during Eastern Han and transferred to local administrations and private entrepreneurship. [112] He also managed the government's brief monopoly over liquor from 98–81 BC, before it was returned to private production. [113]
However, by the Eastern Han period the central government abolished the state monopolies on salt and iron. [84] Even before this, the state must have halted its employment of former merchants in the government salt and iron agencies, since an edict of 7 BCE restated the ban on merchants entering the bureaucracy. [ 72 ]
An iron chicken sickle and an iron dagger from the Han dynasty The Qin general Meng Tian had forced Toumen , the Chanyu of the Xiongnu, out of the Ordos Desert in 215 BCE, but Toumen's son and successor Modu Chanyu built the Xiongnu into a powerful empire by subjugating many other tribes. [ 35 ]
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Emperor Wu's political reform resulted in the strengthening of the Emperor's power at expense of the prime minister's authority. The post of Shangshu (court secretaries) was elevated from merely managing documents to that of the Emperor's close advisor, and it stayed this way until the end of the imperial era.