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The use of trapezoidal rule in AUC calculation was known in literature by no later than 1975, in J.G. Wagner's Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacokinetics. A 1977 article compares the "classical" trapezoidal method to a number of methods that take into account the typical shape of the concentration plot, caused by first-order kinetics. [8]
The accumulation ratio of a specific drug in humans is determined by clinical studies.According to a 2013 analysis, such studies are typically done with 10 to 20 subjects who are given one single dose followed by a washout phase of seven days (), and then seven to 14 repeated doses to reach steady state conditions.
Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or an existing drug into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. [1]
Pharmacoeconomics refers to the scientific discipline that compares the value of one pharmaceutical drug or drug therapy to another. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a sub-discipline of health economics . A pharmacoeconomic study evaluates the cost (expressed in monetary terms) and effects (expressed in terms of monetary value, efficacy or enhanced quality of ...
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference is a reference book published by Pharmaceutical Press listing some 6,000 drugs and medicines used throughout the world, including details of over 125,000 proprietary preparations. It also includes almost 700 disease treatment reviews.
For substances that exhibit substantial plasma protein binding, clearance is generally dependent on the total concentration (free + protein-bound) and not the free concentration. [ 9 ] Most plasma substances have primarily their free concentrations regulated, which thus remains the same, so extensive protein binding increases total plasma ...
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form .
The therapeutic index (TI; also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug with regard to risk of overdose.It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes toxicity to the amount that causes the therapeutic effect. [1]