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This article describes the x-ray lasers in plasmas, only. The plasma x-ray lasers rely on stimulated emission to generate or amplify coherent, directional, high-brightness electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually from ~3 nanometers to several tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength.
Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).
Solid-state lasers use a crystalline or glass rod that is "doped" with ions that provide the required energy states. For example, the first working laser was a ruby laser, made from ruby (chromium-doped corundum). The population inversion is maintained in the dopant. These materials are pumped optically using a shorter wavelength than the ...
The bright, fast X-rays were produced at the Linac Coherent Light Source at SLAC. As of 2014, LCLS was the world's most powerful X-ray FEL. [30] Due to the increased repetition rates of the next-generation X-ray FEL sources, such as the European XFEL, the expected number of diffraction patterns is also expected to increase by a substantial ...
Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in its atoms. When for a period of time the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or a less-excited state, population inversion ...
The lasing threshold is the lowest excitation level at which a laser's output is dominated by stimulated emission rather than by spontaneous emission. Below the threshold, the laser's output power rises slowly with increasing excitation. Above threshold, the slope of power vs. excitation is orders of magnitude greater.
Encircled energy; Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology; Endovenous laser treatment; Energy transfer upconversion; Enriched uranium; Er:glass laser; European x-ray free electron laser; Evolutionary Air and Space Global Laser Engagement; Excimer laser; Extensometer; Extinction cross; Extinction ratio; Extreme Light Infrastructure; Extreme ...
The angle-integrated photoelectron spectrum resulting from a laser interacting with a hydrogen atom. The x axis marks the electron kinetic energies in eV, whilst the y axis is the differential probability. The first three above-threshold ionization peaks are visible in the image.