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  2. Integration by reduction formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_reduction...

    To compute the integral, we set n to its value and use the reduction formula to express it in terms of the (n – 1) or (n – 2) integral. The lower index integral can be used to calculate the higher index ones; the process is continued repeatedly until we reach a point where the function to be integrated can be computed, usually when its index is 0 or 1.

  3. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.

  4. Wallis' integrals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis'_integrals

    These 2 latter inequalities follow from the convexity of the exponential function (or from an analysis of the function ). Letting u = x 2 {\displaystyle u=x^{2}} and making use of the basic properties of improper integrals (the convergence of the integrals is obvious), we obtain the inequalities:

  5. List of integrals of trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of trigonometric functions.For antiderivatives involving both exponential and trigonometric functions, see List of integrals of exponential functions.

  6. Reduction formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_formula

    LSZ reduction formula, a method to calculate S-matrix elements from the time-ordered correlation functions of a quantum field theory Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Reduction formula .

  7. Tangent half-angle substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_half-angle...

    The tangent of half an angle is important in spherical trigonometry and was sometimes known in the 17th century as the half tangent or semi-tangent. [2] Leonhard Euler used it to evaluate the integral ∫ d x / ( a + b cos ⁡ x ) {\textstyle \int dx/(a+b\cos x)} in his 1768 integral calculus textbook , [ 3 ] and Adrien-Marie Legendre described ...

  8. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

    In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions.Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated.

  9. Cauchy formula for repeated integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_formula_for...

    The Cauchy formula for repeated integration, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, allows one to compress n antiderivatives of a function into a single integral (cf. Cauchy's formula). For non-integer n it yields the definition of fractional integrals and (with n < 0) fractional derivatives.