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  2. Port triggering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_triggering

    Port triggering is a configuration option on a NAT-enabled router that controls communication between internal and external host machines in an IP network. It is similar to port forwarding in that it enables incoming traffic to be forwarded to a specific internal host machine, although the forwarded port is not open permanently and the target internal host machine is chosen dynamically.

  3. Network address translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation

    NAT hairpinning, also known as NAT loopback or NAT reflection, [27] is a feature in many consumer routers [28] where a machine on the LAN is able to access another machine on the LAN via the external IP address of the LAN/router (with port forwarding set up on the router to direct requests to the appropriate machine on the LAN).

  4. NAT traversal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT_traversal

    NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a protocol introduced by Apple as an alternative to IGDP. Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor of NAT-PMP. UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a device on a network to ask the router to open a port.

  5. Application-level gateway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-level_gateway

    In order for these protocols to work through NAT or a firewall, either the application has to know about an address/port number combination that allows incoming packets, or the NAT has to monitor the control traffic and open up port mappings (firewall pinholes) dynamically as required. Legitimate application data can thus be passed through the ...

  6. Carrier-grade NAT - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-grade_NAT

    Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...

  7. Interactive Connectivity Establishment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Connectivity...

    NAT gateways track outbound requests from a private network and maintain the state of each established connection to later direct responses from the peer on the public network to the peer in the private network, which would otherwise not be directly addressable.

  8. Port forwarding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding

    Port forwarding via NAT router. In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall.

  9. Universal Plug and Play - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Plug_and_Play

    UPnP logo as promoted by the UPnP Forum (2001–2016) and Open Connectivity Foundation (2016–present). Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a set of networking protocols on the Internet Protocol (IP) that permits networked devices, such as personal computers, printers, Internet gateways, Wi-Fi access points and mobile devices, to seamlessly discover each other's presence on the network and ...