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β-Lactam antibiotics are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against gram-positive bacteria, yet the recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics active against various gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.
A lactam is a cyclic amide, and beta-lactams are named so because the nitrogen atom is attached to the β-carbon atom relative to the carbonyl. The simplest β-lactam possible is 2-azetidinone. β-lactams are significant structural units of medicines as manifested in many β-lactam antibiotics. [2]
The β-lactam core structures. (A) A penam.(B) A carbapenam.(C) An oxapenam.(D) A penem.(E) A carbapenem.(F) A monobactam.(G) A cephem.(H) A carbacephem.(I) An oxacephem. This is a list of common β-lactam antibiotics—both administered drugs and those not in clinical use—organized by structural class.
Acidic foods, like tomatoes, will have a chemical reaction based on the type of cookware you use.
Lactamization is most efficient in this way if the product is a γ-lactam. For example, Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH, although its side-chain amine is sterically protected by extremely bulky 4-Methyltrityl (Mtt) group, the amine can still intramolecularly couple with the carboxylic acid to form a γ-lactam.
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) or Targeted covalent drugs are rationally designed inhibitors that bind and then bond to their target proteins.These inhibitors possess a bond-forming functional group of low chemical reactivity that, following binding to the target protein, is positioned to react rapidly with a proximate nucleophilic residue at the target site to form a bond.
Clavulanic acid strongly inhibits β-lactamase in bacteria, which is associated with its antibiotic properties. β-Lactam antibiotics generally have a common feature which is the 3-carbon and 1-nitrogen ring (β-lactam ring) that is highly reactive. [8]
Penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus [3] appeared very soon after penicillin entered general clinical use in 1943, and the mechanism of resistance was the production of β-lactamase.