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Spallation is a process in which fragments of material are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. In the context of impact mechanics it describes ejection of material from a target during impact by a projectile .
An example of cosmic ray spallation is a neutron hitting a nitrogen-14 nucleus in the Earth's atmosphere, yielding a proton, an alpha particle, and a beryllium-10 nucleus, which eventually decays to boron-10. Alternatively, a proton can hit oxygen-16, yielding two protons, a neutron, and again an alpha particle and a beryllium-10 nucleus.
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source facility in the U.S. that provides the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research and industrial development. [1]
Spallation happens as the result of a large volume change during the reaction. In the case of actinide metals (most notably the depleted uranium used in some types of ammunition ), the material expands so strongly upon exposure to air that a fine layer of oxide is forcibly expelled from the surface.
The European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) is a multi-disciplinary research facility currently under construction [1] in Lund, Sweden. [2] Its Data Management and Software Centre (DMSC) is co-located with DTU in Lyngby , Denmark.
Hydrothermal spallation – Thermal spallation drilling uses a large, downhole burner, much like a jet engine, to apply a high heat flux to the rock face. This drilling technology is based on thermal processes of rock spallation and fusion.
Carbon and oxygen nuclei collide with interstellar matter to form lithium, beryllium, and boron, an example of cosmic ray spallation. Spallation is also responsible for the abundances of scandium, titanium, vanadium, and manganese ions in cosmic rays produced by collisions of iron and nickel nuclei with interstellar matter. [60]
Most notably spallation is believed to be responsible for the generation of almost all of 3 He and the elements lithium, beryllium, and boron, although some 7 Li and 7 Be are thought to have been produced in the Big Bang. The spallation process results from the impact of cosmic rays (mostly fast protons) against the interstellar medium. These ...