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At the end of the third Illyrian campaign, Octavian left a legionary garrison at Siscia. In 32 BC, a number of colonies were founded along the Illyrian coast: at Pola and Iader , while new settlers went to increase the presence of Roman citizens in the old Caesarian colonies of Salona , Narona and Epidaurum .
14–16, Roman retaliation against Cherusci, Chatti, Bructeri and Marsi, capture of Thusnelda, recovery of two legionary standards lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Battles of Idistaviso and the Angrivarian Wall. Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years 10/11-13 CE. In pink the anti-Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius.
The Imperial Roman Army was the military land force of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD, [1] and the final incarnation in the long history of the Roman army. This period is sometimes split into the Principate (27 BC – 284 AD) and the Dominate (284–476) periods. Under Augustus (r.
Legio IX Hispana ("9th Hispanian Legion"), [1] also written as Legio VIIII Hispana, [2] was a legion of the Imperial Roman army that existed from the 1st century BC until at least AD 120.
Legionary cavalry underwent a transformation during this period, from the light, unarmoured horsemen of the early period to the Greek-style armoured cuirassiers described by Polybius. [67] It appears that until c. 200 BC, Roman cavalrymen wore bronze breastplates, but after that time, mail became standard, with only officers retaining a ...
Marius, according to Pliny, abolished non-eagle legionary standards. Some or all of the following reforms have been attributed to Marius in modern historiography. They are, however, variably dated. Many modern sources date them to his first consulship, during the Jugurthine War against Jugurtha of Numidia, in 107 BC.
Following the conclusion of the Social War, soldiers in the Roman army began to acquire a specialized expertise alongside their regular legionary duty. These roles included engineers, doctors, and artillerymen who operated the ballistae and catapults. During the Republic, the required length of service included six consecutive years followed by ...
Cyrenaica was under the control of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus before 36 BC and of Mark Antony after that date; either of them might have established the Legio III. [1] Pollard and Berry suggest that the legion was established by Lucius Pinarius Scarpus , an ally of Mark Antony who was his governor of Cyrenaica in the 30s BC. [ 2 ]