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The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration are used to measure in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents. They are good indicators of antimicrobial potency, but don't give any information relating to time-dependent antimicrobial killing (the so-called post antibiotic effect).
metronidazole – antibiotic against anaerobic bacteria; milbemycin oxime – broad spectrum antiparasitic used as an anthelmintic, insecticide and miticide; mirtazapine – antiemetic and appetite stimulant in cats and dogs; mitratapide – used to help weight loss in dogs; morphine – pure mu agonist/opioid analgesic used as a premedication
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency [1] is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity. [2]
Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) is a measure of the potency of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function. IC 50 is a quantitative measure that indicates how much of a particular inhibitory substance (e.g. drug) is needed to inhibit, in vitro, a given biological process or biological component by 50%. [1]
After the discovery and commercialization of antibiotics, microbiologist, pharmacologist, and physician Alexander Fleming developed the broth dilution technique using the turbidity of the broth for assessment. [11] This is commonly believed to be the conception point of minimum inhibitory concentrations. [12]
The use of trapezoidal rule in AUC calculation was known in literature by no later than 1975, in J.G. Wagner's Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacokinetics. A 1977 article compares the "classical" trapezoidal method to a number of methods that take into account the typical shape of the concentration plot, caused by first-order kinetics. [8]
It is commonly used as a measure of a drug's potency, although the use of EC 50 is preferred over that of 'potency', which has been criticised for its vagueness. [3] EC 50 is a measure of concentration, expressed in molar units (M), where 1 M is equivalent to 1 mol / L .
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.