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The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length. The direct stress is very small as compared to the bending stress (the material is compressed only within the elastic range of strains). The length of the column is very large as compared to the cross-sectional dimensions of the column. The column fails only by buckling.
This bracing is known by many names such as herringbone strutting, blocking, bridging, and dwanging. Cross bracing on a bridge tower. In construction, cross bracing is a system utilized to reinforce building structures in which diagonal supports intersect. Cross bracing is usually seen with two diagonal supports placed in an X-shaped manner.
Bracing it with an extra diagonal bar would be heavy. A wire would be much lighter but would stop it collapsing only one way. To hold it rigid, two cross-bracing wires are needed. This method of cross-bracing can be seen clearly on early biplanes, where the wings and interplane struts form a rectangle which is cross-braced by wires.
A turnbuckle, stretching screw or bottlescrew is a device for adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods, and other tensioning systems. It normally consists of two threaded eye bolts , one screwed into each end of a small metal frame, one with a conventional right-hand thread and the other with a left-hand thread.
Non-circular cross-sections always have warping deformations that require numerical methods to allow for the exact calculation of the torsion constant. [ 2 ] The torsional stiffness of beams with non-circular cross sections is significantly increased if the warping of the end sections is restrained by, for example, stiff end blocks.
As cross-bracing cannot normally be added, vertical stiffeners on the girders are normally used to prevent buckling (technically described as 'U-frame behaviour' [5]). This form of bridge is most often used on railroads as the construction depth (distance between the underside of the vehicle, and the underside of the bridge) is much less.
In general, because the ratio of the typical tie rod's length to its cross section is usually very large, it would buckle under the action of compressive forces.The working strength of a tie rod is the product of the allowable working stress and the rod's minimum cross-sectional area.
X-bracing is a structural engineering practice where the lateral load on a building is reduced by transferring the load into the exterior columns. X-bracing was used in the construction of the 1908 Singer Building , then the tallest building in the world.
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