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A gain greater than one (greater than zero dB), that is, amplification, is the defining property of an active device or circuit, while a passive circuit will have a gain of less than one. [4] The term gain alone is ambiguous, and can refer to the ratio of output to input voltage (voltage gain), current (current gain) or electric power (power ...
Nonetheless, the voltage gain is appreciable even for small loads: according to the table, with R S = r E the gain is A v = g m R L / 2. For larger source impedances, the gain is determined by the resistor ratio R L / R S, and not by the transistor properties, which can be an advantage where insensitivity to temperature or transistor variations ...
An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a "ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential. Where a real ground ...
In electronics, a virtual ground (or virtual earth) is a node of a circuit that is maintained at a steady reference potential, without being connected directly to the reference potential. In some cases the reference potential is considered to be that of the surface of the earth, and the reference node is called "ground" or "earth" as a consequence.
The ground loop still exists, but the two sides of the loop are close together, so stray magnetic fields induce equal currents in both sides, which cancel out. Break in the shield Create a break in the signal cable shield conductor. [5] The break should be at the load end. This is often called ground lifting. It is the simplest solution; it ...
These differences mean the vast majority of standard operational amplifier applications aren't directly implementable with OTAs. However, OTAs can implement voltage-controlled filters , voltage-controlled oscillators (e.g. variable frequency oscillators ), voltage-controlled resistors , and voltage-controlled variable gain amplifiers .
In digital electronics, negative voltages are seldom present, and the ground nearly always is the lowest voltage level. In analog electronics (e.g. an audio power amplifier) the ground can be a voltage level between the most positive and most negative voltage level.
Typically the driver stage(s) of a circuit requires different characteristics to other circuit stages. For example, in a transistor power amplifier circuit, typically the driver circuit requires current gain, often the ability to discharge the following transistor bases rapidly, and low output impedance to avoid or minimize distortion.