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However following environmental concerns these were replaced with linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) during the 1960s. [2] Since then production has increased significantly from about one million tons in 1980, to around 3.5 million tons in 2016, making them most produced anionic surfactant after soaps .
Linear alkylbenzenes (sometimes also known as LABs) are a family of organic compounds with the formula C 6 H 5 C n H 2n+1. Typically, n lies between 10 and 16, although generally supplied as a tighter cut, such as C 12-C 15, C 12-C 13 and C 10-C 13, for detergent use. [1] The C n H 2n+1 chain is unbranched.
Friedel-Crafts alkylation: alkylbenzenes can be synthesized from olefins or alkyl halides with aromatic compounds in the presence of a catalyst such as AlCl 3, HF, or H 2 SO 4. [ 4 ] Gattermann-Koch reaction : named after German chemists Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch , the Gattermann-Koch reaction is a catalyzed formylation of ...
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Alkyl dimethyl amine oxide (chain lengths C10–C16) is the most commercially used amine oxide. [3] They are considered a high production volume class of compounds in more than one member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ); with annual production over 26,000, 16,000 and 6,800 tonnes (28,700, 17,600 ...
5-layer MEA: The 5-layer MEA is the most widely used type due to its balance of performance and cost-effectiveness. It typically consists of an anode , cathode , and two ion exchange membranes . This configuration allows for efficient proton conduction and effective gas diffusion, making it suitable for various applications, including fuel cell ...
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