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Evacuation models are simulation tools designed to predict the movement and behaviour of individuals during an emergency evacuation. [1] [2] These models are today used to simulate evacuations for several disasters, such as building fires, wildfires, hurricanes, and tsunamis. Thes models have been under development since the late 1970s and they ...
Pedestrian evacuation simulation are popular in the fire safety design of building when a performance based approach is used. [7] Simulations are not primarily methods for optimization. To optimize the geometry of a building or the procedure with respect to evacuation time, a target function has to be specified and minimized.
As many fire escapes were built before the advent of electronic fire alarms, fire escapes in older buildings have often needed to be retrofitted with alarms for this purpose. An alternative form of rapid-exit fire escape developed in the early 1900s was a long canvas tube suspended below a large funnel outside the window of a tall building.
In preparation for emergency evacuation situations, experts often advise having an individual emergency evacuation kit prepared and on hand prior to the emergency. An emergency evacuation kit is a container of food, clothing, water, and other supplies that can be used to sustain an individual during lag time.
Emergency exit in Universitetet metro station in Stockholm. An emergency exit in a building or other structure is a special exit used during emergencies such as fires.The combined use of regular and emergency exits allows for faster evacuation, and emergency exits provide alternative means of evacuation if regular exits are inaccessible.
The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency published design guidelines for vertical evacuation structures in 2008. [4] According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, serious discussions about vertical evacuation began in the United States following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. [5]
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