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Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring is heterotic if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents.
Heterosis is the tendency for hybrid individuals to exceed their purebred parents in size and vigor. The phenomenon has long been known in animals and plants. Heterosis appears to be largely due to genetic complementation, that is the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in hybrid individuals.
Heterosis is defined as any advantages seen in hybrids. The effects of heterosis seem to follow a rather simple epigenetic premise in plants. In hybrids, lack of proper regulatory action, such as silencing by methylation, leads to uninhibited genes.
The divergence between the (two) parent lines promotes improved growth and yield characteristics in offspring through the phenomenon of heterosis ("hybrid vigour" or "combining ability"). Two populations of breeding stock with desired characteristics are subjected to inbreeding until the homozygosity of the population exceeds a certain level ...
Heterozygote advantage is a major underlying mechanism for heterosis, or "hybrid vigor", which is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring.
A proposed adaptive advantage of outcrossing is complementation, which is the masking of deleterious recessive alleles [5] [6] (see hybrid vigor or heterosis). The selective advantage of complementation may largely account for the avoidance of inbreeding (see kin recognition). However animals often do not avoid inbreeding. [7]
Overdominance is a phenomenon in genetics where the phenotype of the heterozygote lies outside the phenotypical range of both homozygous parents. Overdominance can also be described as heterozygote advantage regulated by a single genomic locus, wherein heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals.
Heterosis describes the tendency of the progeny of a specific cross to outperform both parents. In 1917, a process was developed that would make this hybridization commercially viable. In 1933, less than 1% of the corn produced in the United States was produced from hybrid seed; by 1944, over 83% was. [ 6 ]