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Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume did not write directly of the First Crusade, but his The History of England [169] described the Crusades as the "nadir of Western civilization." This view was continued by Edward Gibbon in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, excerpted as The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
Early February. The First Crusade begins as the leaders are identified and form their armies. [m] [116] 12 April. The People's Crusade commences with Peter the Hermit and his army arriving at Cologne. [n] [117] 18 May. The Worms massacre begins the Rhineland massacres of Jews. [118] August 15. The Armies of the First Crusade begin to depart for ...
Thomas Asbridge's The First Crusade: A New History (2004) [11] is among the standard references used today. [12] [2] [13] [14] People's Crusade (1096) A prelude to the First Crusade led by Peter the Hermit, the first of what is known as the Popular Crusades. It is sometimes regarded as an integral part of the First Crusade, with the Princes ...
The Siege of Jerusalem marked the successful end of the First Crusade, whose objective was the recovery of the city of Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre from Islamic control. The five-week siege began on 7 June 1099 and was carried out by the Christian forces of Western Europe mobilized by Pope Urban II after the Council of ...
The success of the First Crusade that began the Crusading movement and the century was seen as astonishing. The explanation for this was given that it was only possible through the will of God. [73] Paschal II, who reigned as pope from 1099-1118, showed special interest in crusading, especially in Spain. Paschal II offered remission of sins to ...
July – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit is defeated by the Byzantine army (mostly Hungarian and Bulgar mercenaries) in battle near Niš. The crusader supply train of some 2,000 wagons and Peter's treasury chest is captured by the Byzantines. About a quarter of the People's Crusade is lost.
A history and bibliography of the Crusades through the Third Crusade. [29] God's War: A New History of the Crusades (2006), by Crusades historian Christopher Tyerman, does not contain a bibliography per se, but the sections Notes and Further Reading provide a wealth of bibliographic material on the Crusades, including sources and secondary ...