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BOD test bottles at the laboratory of a wastewater treatment plant. Biochemical oxygen demand (also known as BOD or biological oxygen demand) is an analytical parameter representing the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by aerobic bacteria growing on the organic material present in a water sample at a specific temperature over a specific time period.
The Streeter–Phelps equation is also known as the DO sag equation. This is due to the shape of the graph of the DO over time. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) curves in a river flowing right reaching equilibrium after a continuous input of high BOD influent is added into the river at x = 15 m and t = 0 s.
An illustration of fluid simulation using VOF method. In computational fluid dynamics, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is a family of free-surface modelling techniques, i.e. numerical techniques for tracking and locating the free surface (or fluid–fluid interface).
Flow chemistry is a well-established technique for use at a large scale when manufacturing large quantities of a given material. However, the term has only been coined recently for its application on a laboratory scale by chemists and describes small pilot plants, and lab-scale continuous plants. [ 1 ]
The difference in DO and the dilution factor are used to calculated BOD 5. The resulting number (usually reported in parts per million or milligrams per liter) is useful in determining the relative organic strength of sewage or other polluted waters. The BOD 5 test is an example of analysis that determines classes of materials in a sample.
FW = Formula weight of the oxidizable compound in the sample, RMO = Ratio of the # of moles of oxygen to # of moles of oxidizable compound in their reaction to CO 2, water, and ammonia. For example, if a sample has 500 Wppm (Weight Parts per Million) of phenol: C 6 H 5 OH + 7O 2 → 6CO 2 + 3H 2 O COD = (500/94)·7·16*2 = 1192 Wppm
Population equivalent (PE) or unit per capita loading, or equivalent person (EP), is a parameter for characterizing industrial wastewaters.It essentially compares the polluting potential of an industry (in terms of biodegradable organic matter) with a population (or certain number of people), which would produce the same polluting load.
The fugacity capacity constant (Z) is used to help describe the concentration of a chemical in a system (usually in mol/m 3 Pa). Hemond and Hechner-Levy (2000) describe how to utilize the fugacity capacity to calculate the concentration of a chemical in a system. Depending on the chemical, fugacity capacity varies.