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Like a vertical dipole antenna, a monopole has an omnidirectional radiation pattern: it radiates equal power in all azimuthal directions perpendicular to the antenna axis. [ 1 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] The radiated power varies with elevation angle, with the radiation dropping off to zero at the zenith on the antenna axis.
Newton's laws are often stated in terms of point or particle masses, that is, bodies whose volume is negligible. This is a reasonable approximation for real bodies when the motion of internal parts can be neglected, and when the separation between bodies is much larger than the size of each.
There is nothing special about the x-axis. The transformation can apply to the y- or z-axis, or indeed in any direction parallel to the motion (which are warped by the γ factor) and perpendicular; see the article Lorentz transformation for details. A quantity that is invariant under Lorentz transformations is known as a Lorentz scalar.
The terms "ordinary" and "extraordinary" are still applied to the polarization components perpendicular to and not perpendicular to the optic axis respectively, even in cases where no double refraction is involved. A material is termed uniaxial when it has a single direction of symmetry in its optical behavior, which we term the optic axis. It ...
same point in Venus's orbit. 2020 29 January 09:37 UTC [67] Perihelion #4: 19.4: 109: 130: Solar encounter phase 23 January – 29 February [68] 7 June 08:23 UTC [69] Perihelion #5: Solar encounter phase 9 May – 28 June [70] 11 July 03:22 UTC [71] Venus flyby #3: 834 km: Outbound: Outside [j] Flybys 3 and 4 occur at the same point in Venus's ...
Although the inelastic scattering of light was predicted by Adolf Smekal in 1923, [3] it was not observed in practice until 1928. The Raman effect was named after one of its discoverers, the Indian scientist C. V. Raman, who observed the effect in organic liquids in 1928 together with K. S. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam in inorganic crystals. [1]
If imagined as a parallelogram, with the origin for the vectors at 0, then signed area is the determinant of the vectors' Cartesian coordinates (a x b y − b x a y). [21] The cross product a × b is orthogonal to the bivector a ∧ b. In three dimensions all bivectors can be generated by the exterior product of two vectors.