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Hypokalemia is a low level of potassium (K +) in the blood serum. [1] Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms. [3] Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation. [1] Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest. [1] [3]
Low potassium is caused by increased excretion of potassium, decreased consumption of potassium rich foods, movement of potassium into the cells, or certain endocrine diseases. [3] Excretion is the most common cause of hypokalemia and can be caused by diuretic use, metabolic acidosis , diabetic ketoacidosis , hyperaldosteronism , and renal ...
Horizontal ST depression in V4, V5, V6 leads during a cardiac stress ECG. Other, non-ischemic, causes include: Side effect of digoxin [4] [3] Hypokalemia [4] [3] Right or left ventricular hypertrophy [3] Intraventricular conduction abnormalities (e.g., right or left bundle branch block, WPW, etc.) [3] Hypothermia [4] Tachycardia [4] Reciprocal ...
Initial treatment in those with ECG changes is salts, such as calcium gluconate or calcium chloride. [1] [3] Other medications used to rapidly reduce blood potassium levels include insulin with dextrose, salbutamol, and sodium bicarbonate. [1] [5] Medications that might worsen the condition should be stopped and a low potassium diet should be ...
The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
Hypokalemia (a decreased potassium level in the blood) is usually present during attacks. The condition may be life-threatening if weakness of the breathing muscles leads to respiratory failure, or if the low potassium levels lead to abnormal heart rhythms. [1] [2] If untreated, it is typically recurrent in nature. [1]
According to V. Gorshkov-Cantacuzene: "The U wave is the momentum carried by the blood in the coronary arteries and blood vessels". [4] [5] [6]The resistivity of stationary blood is expressed as () = | (+), where is a coefficient, and is the hematocrit; at that time, as during acceleration of the blood flow occurs a sharp decrease in the longitudinal resistance with small relaxation times.
The effect is an electrolyte imbalance similar to that seen with thiazide diuretic therapy (which causes pharmacological inhibition of NCC activity). [ 4 ] Gitelman syndrome was formerly considered a subset of Bartter syndrome until the distinct genetic and molecular bases of these disorders were identified.