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Zeaxanthin is the pigment that gives paprika, corn, saffron, wolfberries (goji), and many other plants their characteristic colors of red, orange or yellow. [2] [18] Spirulina is also a rich source and can serve as a dietary supplement. [25] Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma ...
Meso-zeaxanthin, lutein, and 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin are the main carotenoids in the macula lutea, found in a ratio of 1:1:1, and are collectively referred to as macular pigment (MP). [3] Meso-zeaxanthin is concentrated at the epicentre of the macula, where it accounts for around 50% of MP at this location, with lutein dominating the peripheral macula.
Examples of other rich sources include papaya, peaches, prunes, and squash, which contain lutein diesters. [7] [8] [9] Kale contains about 18mg lutein and zeaxanthin per 100g, spinach about 11mg/100g, parsley about 6mg/100g, peas about 3mg/110g, squash about 2mg/100g, and pistachios about 1mg/100g. [10]
Astaxanthin from algae, synthetic and bacterial sources is generally recognized as safe in the United States. [11] The US Food and Drug Administration has approved astaxanthin as a food coloring (or color additive) for specific uses in animal and fish foods. [3] [12] The European Commission considers it as a food dye with E number E161j. [13]
Lutein is a natural part of a human diet found in orange-yellow fruits and flowers, and in leafy vegetables. According to the NHANES 2013-2014 survey, adults in the United States consume on average 1.7 mg/day of lutein and zeaxanthin combined. [23] No recommended dietary allowance currently exists for lutein.
In the Latin names for plants created by Linnaeus, the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the marsh mallow has the classification Althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers. [2] Pharmacognosy is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals.