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Chronic diseases in children may have a genetic (hereditary) cause, an environmental (acquired) cause or a combination of both. Early identification and treatment of the disease is key to successful health outcomes. Chronic diseases can affect multiple organ systems and can, therefore, manifest in different ways.
The median age of onset appears to be at least 7 years (compared with 2 years for Kawasaki disease, which primarily affects children under the age of 5). [22] Male children seem to be more frequently affected (broadly in line with Kawasaki disease, where the male to female ratio is about 1.5 to 1). [22]
Respiratory rate greater than 2 standard deviations above normal for age or the requirement for mechanical ventilation not related to neuromuscular disease or the administration of anesthesia. White blood cell count elevated or depressed for age not related to chemotherapy, or greater than 10% bands plus other immature forms.
Juvenile, in this context, refers to disease onset before 16 years of age, while idiopathic refers to a condition with no defined cause, and arthritis is inflammation within the joint. [4] JIA is an autoimmune, noninfective, inflammatory joint disease, the cause of which remains poorly understood. It is characterised by chronic joint inflammation.
Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies are caused by something outside the body such as a virus or immune suppressing drugs. [6] Primary immune diseases are at risk to an increased susceptibility to, and often recurrent ear infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis or skin infections. Immunodeficient patients may less frequently develop ...
A small percentage of children experience a polycyclic course of the illness, which is marked by recurrent bouts of active illness interspersed with medication-free remission periods. Over half of the children with sJIA have a prolonged disease course, according to studies conducted over the previous 30 years. [6]
OCD and tic disorders are hypothesized to arise in a subset of children as a result of a post-streptococcal autoimmune process. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The proposed link between infection and these disorders is that an autoimmune reaction to infection produces antibodies that interfere with basal ganglia function, causing symptom exacerbations, and ...
This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed ...