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Cell culture of granulosa cells can be performed in vitro. Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for the differentiation. A lower plating density makes granulosa cells exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as progesterone producing theca lutein cells. [12]
The anterior pituitary complex and hypophyseal portal system, where FSH and LH are released. Theca cells are responsible for synthesizing androgens, providing signal transduction between granulosa cells and oocytes during development by the establishment of a vascular system, providing nutrients, and providing structure and support to the follicle as it matures.
It has a critical role in granulosa cell and theca cell growth, as well as in differentiation and maturation of the oocyte. [13] [31] GDF9 has been connected to differences in ovulation rate [32] [33] and in premature cessation of ovary function, [34] therefore has a significant role in fertility.
FSH stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells, converting androgens to estrogen. As FSH levels drop, the surrounding follicles develop a more androgen-rich environment. Additionally, the granulosa cells of the dominant follicle release peptides that may inhibit the growth of nearby follicles through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
Each type of cell behaves differently in response to FSH. Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone . LH induces the production of androgens by the theca cells, most notably androstendione, which are aromatized by granulosa cells to produce estrogens, primarily estradiol. Consequently, estrogen levels begin to rise.
Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) to produce androstenedione, which via a few steps, gives the granulosa the precursor for estrogen manufacturing. [ 1 ] After rupture of the mature ovarian follicle , the theca interna cells differentiate into the theca lutein cells of the corpus luteum .
Lung function: promote lung function by supporting alveoli. [7] Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells [8] Estrone: estrogen: ovary: granulosa cells, Adipocytes: ER: Estriol: estrogen: E 3: placenta: syncytiotrophoblast: ER: Cortisol: glucocorticoid: adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) GR: Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
BMPR2 is expressed on both human and animal granulosa cells, and is a crucial receptor for bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). ). These two protein signaling molecules and their BMPR2-mediated effects play an important role in follicle development in preparation for ovulatio