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10 11 ~1 × 10 11 kg The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe [110] 2 × 10 11 kg Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km 3) [111] 6 × 10 11 kg Total mass of the world's human population [112] 5 × 10 11 kg
The term molality is formed in analogy to molarity which is the molar concentration of a solution. The earliest known use of the intensive property molality and of its adjectival unit, the now-deprecated molal, appears to have been published by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall in the 1923 publication of Thermodynamics and the Free Energies of Chemical Substances. [3]
When discussing the chemical energy contained, there are different types which can be quantified depending on the intended purpose. One is the theoretical total amount of thermodynamic work that can be derived from a system, at a given temperature and pressure imposed by the surroundings, called exergy.
In 2005, the price for new oil tankers in the 32,000–45,000 DWT, 80,000–105,000 DWT, and 250,000–280,000 DWT ranges were $43 million, $58 million, and $120 million respectively. [77] In 1985 these vessels would have cost $18 million, $22 million, and $47 million respectively.
Activated carbon. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area [1] [2] available for adsorption or chemical reactions. [3]
For example, KMgCl 3 is named magnesium potassium trichloride to distinguish it from K 2 MgCl 4, magnesium dipotassium tetrachloride [105] (note that in both the empirical formula and the written name, the cations appear in alphabetical order, but the order varies between them because the symbol for potassium is K). [106]