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Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1-adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
This effect is also observed after the administration of the first dose of drugs in the ACEi class (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor). [5]This may occur with the class's better known side effect of dry cough (due to decreased breakdown of bradykinin), though there is no clear relationship between the two side effects.
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]
Common side effects with the drops is irritation of the eye. [3] Common side effects by mouth include tiredness, slow heart beat , itchiness, and shortness of breath . [ 5 ] Other side effects include masking the symptoms of low blood sugar in those with diabetes . [ 3 ]
This in turn may result in fewer effects in the central nervous system as well as a lower risk of neuropsychiatric side effects. [44] Only small amounts of atenolol are said to enter the brain. [2] [3] The brain-to-blood ratio of atenolol was 0.2 : 1 in one study, whereas the ratio for propranolol was 33 : 1 in the same study. [3]
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure.
Many of these symptoms may be side effects of the drug or drug interaction causing excessive levels of serotonin rather than an effect of elevated serotonin itself. Tremor is a common side effect of MDMA's action on dopamine, whereas hyperreflexia is symptomatic of exposure to serotonin agonists.
Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation. [2] It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. [2] Propranolol may cause harmful effects for the baby if taken during pregnancy; [7] however, its use during breastfeeding is generally considered to be safe. [8] It is a non-selective beta blocker which works by blocking β ...