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[a] [b] It is possible aluminium-containing alloys were produced in China during the reign of the first Jin dynasty (266–420). [c] After the Crusades, alum was a commodity of international commerce; [9] it was indispensable in the European fabric industry. [10] Small alum mines were worked in Catholic Europe but most alum came from the Middle ...
Kitchen utensils in bronze discovered in Pompeii. Illustration by Hercule Catenacci in 1864. Benjamin Thompson noted at the start of the 19th century that kitchen utensils were commonly made of copper, with various efforts made to prevent the copper from reacting with food (particularly its acidic contents) at the temperatures used for cooking, including tinning, enamelling, and varnishing.
The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: [1] gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. Zinc, arsenic, and antimony were also known during antiquity, but they were not recognised as distinct metals until later.
Britannia, Iberia, Dacia, and Noricum were of special significance, as they were very rich in deposits and became major sites of resource exploitation (Shepard, 1993). There is evidence that after the middle years of the Empire there was a sudden and steep decline in mineral extraction. This was mirrored in other trades and industries.
By the 17th century, it was common for a Western kitchen to contain a number of skillets, baking pans, a kettle and several pots, along with a variety of pot hooks and trivets. Brass or copper vessels were common in Asia and Europe, whilst iron pots were common in the American colonies. Improvements in metallurgy during the 19th and 20th ...
In the 9th century, stonepaste ceramics were invented in Iraq, [16] and lustreware appeared in Mesopotamia. [17] In the 11th century, Damascus steel is developed in the Middle East. In the 15th century, Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy and Angelo Barovier invents cristallo, a clear soda-based glass.
3.3 Mya – 2.6 Mya: Stone tools - found in modern-day Kenya are older and only found on the archetype road. Ancient stone tools from Ethiopia were hand-crafted by Australopithecus or related people. [1] [2] [further explanation needed] 2.3 Mya: Earliest likely control of fire and cooking, by Homo habilis [3] [4] [5]
Medieval technology is the technology used in medieval Europe under Christian rule.After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. [2]