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  2. Long-run cost curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-run_cost_curve

    In economics, a cost function represents the minimum cost of producing a quantity of some good. The long-run cost curve is a cost function that models this minimum cost over time, meaning inputs are not fixed. Using the long-run cost curve, firms can scale their means of production to reduce the costs of producing the good.

  3. Diseconomies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseconomies_of_scale

    The Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve plots the average cost of producing the lowest cost method. The Long Run Marginal Cost (LRMC) is the change in total cost attributable to a change in the output of one unit after the plant size has been adjusted to produce that rate of output at minimum LRAC.

  4. Economies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

    The economic concept dates back to Adam Smith and the idea of obtaining larger production returns through the use of division of labor. [2] Diseconomies of scale are the opposite. Economies of scale often have limits, such as passing the optimum design point where costs per additional unit begin to increase.

  5. List of unsolved problems in economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Transformation problem: The transformation problem is the problem specific to Marxist economics, and not to economics in general, of finding a general rule by which to transform the values of commodities based on socially necessary labour time into the competitive prices of the marketplace. The essential difficulty is how to reconcile profit in ...

  6. List of unsolved problems in statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    The notable unsolved problems in statistics are generally of a different flavor; according to John Tukey, [1] "difficulties in identifying problems have delayed statistics far more than difficulties in solving problems." A list of "one or two open problems" (in fact 22 of them) was given by David Cox. [2]

  7. Cost curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_curve

    The total cost curve, if non-linear, can represent increasing and diminishing marginal returns.. The short-run total cost (SRTC) and long-run total cost (LRTC) curves are increasing in the quantity of output produced because producing more output requires more labor usage in both the short and long runs, and because in the long run producing more output involves using more of the physical ...

  8. Econophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics

    Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics.

  9. Recursive economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_economics

    This book describes recursive models applied to theoretical questions in monetary policy, fiscal policy, taxation, economic growth, search theory, and labor economics. In investment and finance, Avinash Dixit and Robert Pindyck showed the value of the method for thinking about capital budgeting , in particular showing how it was theoretically ...