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The Nobel Prizes (/ n oʊ ˈ b ɛ l / noh-BEL; Swedish: Nobelpriset [nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt]; Norwegian: Nobelprisen [nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩]) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. [12] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.
Year Laureate Country Subject Rationale 1968 Har Gobind Khorana (born in Raipur, Punjab Province, British India) United States Physiology or Medicine Awarded along with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg – "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."
There are Nobel Prizes for different categories, though not every prize is awarded each year. In fact, one category has only been handed out 55 times.
The 2022 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics , Chemistry , Physiology or Medicine , Literature , Peace , and Economic Sciences .
The 2003 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. [1] Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions.
The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was jointly awarded to the American physiologist David Julius (b. 1955) and Armenian-American neuroscientist Ardem Patapoutian (b. 1967) "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch."
In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Taylor and Hulse for the discovery of this pulsar. [27] In 1982, Don Backer led a group that discovered PSR B1937+21, a pulsar with a rotation period of just about 1.6 milliseconds (38,500 rpm). [28]