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The Xia dynasty (/ ʃ i ɑː /; Chinese: 夏朝, romanized: Xià cháo) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography.According to tradition, it was established by the legendary figure Yu the Great, after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave the throne to him. [1]
The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project identified all four phases of Erlitou as Xia, and the construction of the Yanshi walled city as the founding of the Shang. [35] Other scholars, particularly outside China, point to the lack of any firm evidence for such an identification, and argue that the historiographical focus of Chinese archaeology ...
Other bronze artifacts include birds with eagle-like bills, tigers, a large snake, zoomorphic masks, bells, and what appears to be a bronze spoked wheel but is more likely to be decoration from an ancient shield. Apart from bronze, Sanxingdui finds included jade artifacts consistent with earlier neolithic cultures in China, such as cong and zhang.
The Chinese Bronze Age began in the Xia dynasty (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC), and bronze ritual containers form the bulk of collections of Chinese antiquities, reaching its zenith during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) and the early part of the Zhou dynasty (1045–256 BC).
Traditional Chinese accounts describe deity veneration as also present during the Xia dynasty (2070 – 1600 BCE) that purportedly preceded the Shang. [175] For example, the Xia's second sovereign Qi was described in multiple texts as a spirit-medium who communicated with the high deity Shangdi and performed sacrifices to the deceased.
The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi 1 Hsia 4), officially the Great Xia (大夏; Dà Xià; Ta 4 Hsia 4), also known as the Tangut Empire, and known as Mi-nyak [6] to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a Tangut-led imperial dynasty of China that existed from 1038 to 1227.
By the early Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), military use of the bronze ge had become limited (mostly ceremonial); they were slowly phased out during the Han dynasty by iron spears and iron ji halberds. [21] Deepwater drilling: Some of the earliest evidence of water wells are located in China. The Chinese discovered and made extensive use of ...
Later emperors time and again recast the cauldrons, the most well known examples being Wu Zetian in the fourth month of 697 CE [14] and the two recastings by Song dynasty Huizong Emperor in 1105 CE. [15] The Nine Cauldrons of the Nguyễn dynasty. Cauldrons were also cast by other dynasties in the Sinosphere, such as the Nguyễn dynasty.