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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic upper gastrointestinal disease in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or complications.
Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. [1] It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. [1] There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain (see dyspepsia). [1]
Esophagitis can be asymptomatic; or can cause epigastric and/or substernal burning pain, especially when lying down or straining; and can make swallowing difficult . The most common cause of esophagitis is the reverse flow of acid from the stomach into the lower esophagus: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx and/or the nasopharynx. [4] [5] LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as cough and wheezing [6] and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as dysphonia, globus pharyngis, and dysphagia. [7]
Adult onset diabetes mellitus: AOS Apraxia of speech: APA Aldosterone-producing adenoma: APS Antiphospholipid syndrome: ARBD Alcohol-related birth defects: ARD Adult Refsum disease: ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome: ARND Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder: ARM Anorectal malformation: AS Ankylosing spondylitis: AS Asperger ...
Increasing antibiotic resistance is the main cause of initial treatment failure. Factors linked to resistance include mutations, efflux pumps , and the formation of biofilms . [ 156 ] [ 157 ] One of the main antibiotics used in eradication therapies is clarithromycin , but clarithromycin-resistant strains have become well-established and the ...
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