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The area occupied by the Picts had previously been described by Roman writers and geographers as the home of the Caledonii. [30] These Romans also used other names to refer to Britannic tribes living in the area, including Verturiones, Taexali and Venicones. [31] Written history relating to the Picts as a people emerges in the Early Middle Ages.
The Battle of 839, also known as the Disaster of 839 or the Picts’ Last Stand, was fought in 839 between the Vikings and the Picts and Gaels. It was a decisive victory for the Vikings in which Uuen , the king of the Picts, his brother Bran and Aed son of Boanta , King of Dál Riata , were all killed.
The praise ended with the verse: " defeated the Saxons, the ocean calmed down, the Picts broke, and Great Britain safe." Another poem by Claudianus refers to a possible expedition to Britannia by Stilicho in 396-398. [1] In the Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae of the British monk Gildas, this conflict is called one of the three Pictic wars.
Map of the populations in northern Britain, based on the testimony of Ptolemy. Roman cavalryman trampling conquered Picts, on the Bridgeness Slab, a tablet found at Bo'ness on the Antonine Wall, dated to around AD 142 and now in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh The Stirling torcs: a hoard of gold Celtic torcs
The Romans plan to travel north away from Roman territory, to throw the Picts off their trail, then head west and back south. After several days' pursuit, the Picts continually catch up with the fugitives, who jump off a cliff into a river to escape them; Tarak is killed before he can jump, and Macros and Thax become separated from the others.
Irish legends about the origin of the Picts and stories from the life of St. Ninian, associate the Picts with druids. The Picts are also associated with "demon" worship and one story concerning St Columba has him exorcising a demon from a well in Pictland, suggesting that the worship of well spirits was a feature of Pictish paganism.
An effort by the Romans to invade and conquer Caledonia was likely made sometime during or shortly after 139 AD. [6] In 142 AD, construction began on the Antonine Wall roughly 100 km North of Hadrian's Wall in order to aid in the Roman push into Caledonian territory and to consolidate their conquest of southern Caledonian territory.
Soon after, the Picts rose in rebellion against Northumbrian subjugation at the Battle of Two Rivers, recorded in the 8th century by Stephen of Ripon, hagiographer of Wilfrid. [6] Ecgfrith was aided by a sub-king, Beornhæth, who may have been a leader of the Southern Picts, [7] and the rebellion ended in disaster for the Northern Picts of Fortriu.