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Cut glass wine glass made of lead glass. Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. [1] Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by mass) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. [2]
Lead's close-packed face-centered cubic structure and high atomic weight result in a density [24] of 11.34 g/cm 3, which is greater than that of common metals such as iron (7.87 g/cm 3), copper (8.93 g/cm 3), and zinc (7.14 g/cm 3). [25] This density is the origin of the idiom to go over like a lead balloon.
Stiegel's works was the first to make lead glass in America. [50] The lead glass of this time period, commonly known as crystal because it was colorless and transparent, was typically used for fine tableware. [51] According to the American Philosophical Society, Stiegel's lead glass was "equal in beauty and quality to the generality of Flint ...
Stiegel's glass works in the Province of Pennsylvania was the first in America to make fine lead crystal, which is often mislabeled as flint glass. [64] Amelung invested more money in glassmaking than anyone ever had and produced impressive quality glass with engraving—although his Maryland glass works failed after 11 years. [65]
2 Pb(NO 3) 2 → 2 PbO + 4 NO 2 + O 2 PbCO 3 → PbO + CO 2. PbO is produced on a large scale as an intermediate product in refining raw lead ores into metallic lead. The usual lead ore is galena (lead(II) sulfide). At a temperature of around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) in air, the sulfide converted to the oxide: [4] 2 PbS + 2 O 2 → 2 PbO + 2 SO 2
Yet another method is oxidative annealing of white lead: 3 Pb 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 + O 2 → 2 Pb 3 O 4 + 3 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O. In solution, lead(II,IV) oxide can be prepared by reaction of potassium plumbate with lead(II) acetate, yielding yellow insoluble lead(II,IV) oxide monohydrate Pb 3 O 4 ·H 2 O, which can be turned into the anhydrous form by ...
Lead oxide is the traditional low temperature flux used for crystal glass, but it is now avoided because it is toxic even in small quantities. It is being replaced by other substances, especially boron and zinc oxides. [3] In clay bodies a flux creates a limited and controlled amount of glass, which works to cement crystalline phases together.
Leaded glass may refer to: Lead glass , potassium silicate glass which has been impregnated with a small amount of lead oxide in its fabrication Lead came glasswork , glass panels made by combining multiple small pieces of glass, which may be stained, textured or beveled, with cames or copper foil