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Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study in disciplines including animal behavior, sociology, neurology, and animal cognition. Many aspects of animal behavior, such as symbolic name use, emotional expression, learning, and sexual behavior , are being understood in new ways.
Tactical or functional deception is the use of signals or displays from an animal's normal repertoire to mislead or deceive another individual. [1] Some researchers limit this term to intraspecific behaviour, meaning that it occurs between members of the same species. [2]
Haptic communication is nonverbal communication and interaction via the sense of touch. Touch can come in many different forms, some can promote physical and psychological well-being . A warm, loving touch can lead to positive outcomes while a violent touch can ultimately lead to a negative outcome.
For example, the Scarabaeidae have lamellate antennae that can be folded tightly for safety or spread openly for detecting odours or pheromones. The insect manages such actions by changes in blood pressure, by which it exploits elasticity in walls and membranes in the funicles, which are in effect erectile.
Lizards have evolved several modes of communication, including visual, chemical, tactile, and vocal. [9] [2] Chemical and visual communication are widespread, with visual communication being the most well-studied, while tactile and vocal communication have traditionally been thought to occur in just a handful of lizard species; however, modern scientific techniques have allowed for greater ...
Tactile interaction is important amongst some animals. Usually, tactile contact between two animals occurs through stroking, licking, or grooming. These behaviours are essential for the individual's social healthcare, as in the hypothalamus they induce the release of oxytocin, a hormone that decreases stress and anxiety and increases social ...
Some support comes from animal studies that explore the neurobiology behind integration. Adult monkeys have deep inter-neuronal connections within the superior colliculus providing strong, accelerated visuo-auditory integration. [104] Young animals conversely, do not have this enhancement until unimodal properties are fully developed. [105] [106]
Up to 21 different cat vocalizations have been observed. [3] They use visual signals, or body language, to express emotions like relaxation, fear, and aggression. Cats use several types of tactile behaviors to communicate, such as grooming or biting each other. They also use olfactory communication, such as marking their territory via urine.