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  2. Height above mean sea level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level

    Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level varies in different countries due to different reference points and historic measurement periods.

  3. Sea level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level

    In the UK, the ordnance datum (the 0 metres height on UK maps) is the mean sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. [7] Before 1921, the vertical datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, Liverpool.

  4. List of U.S. states and territories by elevation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and...

    Enlargeable map of the 50 U.S. states by mean elevation. ... sea level: 15 1,900 ft 580 m 1 20,310 ft 6190.5 m American Samoa: Lata Mountain on ...

  5. Geoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid

    In maps and common use, the height over the mean sea level (such as orthometric height, H) is used to indicate the height of elevations while the ellipsoidal height, h, results from the GPS system and similar GNSS: = (An analogous relationship exists between normal heights and the quasigeoid, which disregards local density variations.)

  6. List of countries by average elevation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 February 2025. This is a list of countries and territories by their average elevation above sea level based on the data published by Central Intelligence Agency, unless another source is cited. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO ...

  7. Ordnance datum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_datum

    The First Geodetic Levelling of England and Wales (1840–1860) needed to define a datum plane from which to specify spot heights. At first it was specified as a horizontal plane 100 feet below an arbitrary benchmark on St John's Church, Liverpool. Subsequently, however, it was redefined as mean sea level (MSL).

  8. North American Vertical Datum of 1988 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical...

    NAVD 88 was established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of geodetic leveling observations in Canada, the United States, and Mexico.It held fixed the height of the primary tide gauge benchmark, referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 local mean sea level (MSL) height value, at Rimouski, Quebec, Canada.

  9. Benchmark (surveying) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(surveying)

    The height of a benchmark is calculated relative to the heights of nearby benchmarks in a network extending from a fundamental benchmark. A fundamental benchmark is a point with a precisely known relationship to the vertical datum of the area, typically mean sea level. The position and height of each benchmark are shown on large-scale maps.