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Secondary electron emission is used in photomultiplier tubes and image intensifier tubes to amplify the small number of photoelectrons produced by photoemission, making the tube more sensitive. It also occurs as an undesirable side effect in electronic vacuum tubes when electrons from the cathode strike the anode , and can cause parasitic ...
where is the breakdown voltage in volts, is the pressure in pascals, is the gap distance in meters, is the secondary-electron-emission coefficient (the number of secondary electrons produced per incident positive ion), is the saturation ionization in the gas at a particular / (electric field/pressure), and is related to the excitation and ...
The first Townsend coefficient ( α ), also known as first Townsend avalanche coefficient, is a term used where secondary ionisation occurs because the primary ionisation electrons gain sufficient energy from the accelerating electric field, or from the original ionising particle. The coefficient gives the number of secondary electrons produced ...
Contrasting differences between discrete and continuous electron multipliers. An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. [1] In a process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons.
The multipactor effect occurs when electrons accelerated by radio-frequency (RF) fields are self-sustained in a vacuum (or near vacuum) via an electron avalanche caused by secondary electron emission. [2] The impact of an electron to a surface can, depending on its energy and angle, release one or more secondary electrons into the vacuum. These ...
The appearance of target ions with charge states higher than 1+ is responsible for a potential secondary electron emission process that has a higher emission coefficient than the kinetic secondary emission found in conventional glow discharges. The establishment of a potential secondary electron emission may enhance the current of the discharge.
Starting next year, zero-emission vehicles are required to make up 7% of all Class 2b-3 truck and Class 7-8 tractor sales, and Class 4-8 truck sales are required to be 11% zero-emission vehicles ...
is the ideality factor, also known as the quality factor, emission coefficient, or the material constant. The equation is called the Shockley ideal diode equation when the ideality factor n {\displaystyle n} equals 1, thus n {\displaystyle n} is sometimes omitted.