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With the introduction of high κ metal gates, a new degradation mechanism has become more important, referred to as PBTI (for positive bias temperature instabilities), which affects nMOS transistor when positively biased. In this case, no interface states are generated and 100% of the Vth degradation may be recovered.
Technology files and design rules are essential building blocks of the integrated circuit design process. Their accuracy and robustness over process technology, its variability and the operating conditions of the IC—environmental, parasitic interactions and testing, including adverse conditions such as electro-static discharge—are critical in determining performance, yield and reliability.
A process design kit (PDK) is a set of files used within the semiconductor industry to model a fabrication process for the design tools used to design an integrated circuit. The PDK is created by the foundry defining a certain technology variation for their processes. It is then passed to their customers to use in the design process.
During the pre-silicon process, engineers test devices in a virtual environment with sophisticated simulation, emulation, and formal verification tools. In contrast, post-silicon validation tests occur on actual devices running at-speed in commercial, real-world system boards using logic analyzer and assertion-based tools.
Liberty Analyzer - Analysis and validation of timing, power, noise and area data from characterization; TCAD. Victory Process - 2D/3D semiconductor process simulator; Victory Device - 2D/3D semiconductor device simulator; Virtual Wafer Fab - Emulation of wafer manufacturing to perform design-of-experiments and optimization.
In the 1970s and 1980s NMOS was favored owing to speed and area advantages, coupled with technology limitations and concerns related to isolation, parasitic effects and process complexity. During that era of NMOS-dominated LSI and the emergence of VLSI, the fundamental scaling laws of MOS technology were codified and broadly applied. [6]
The VLSI Project was a DARPA-program initiated by Robert Kahn in 1978 [1] that provided research funding to a wide variety of university-based teams in an effort to improve the state of the art in microprocessor design, then known as Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).
English: Adapted from Bentley, C. (2005) Managing Small Projects with PRINCE2 this Small-Scale Projects Process Model outlines the stages that should be undertaken as a minimum in order to deliver small-scale projects utlising the PRINCE2 framework.