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In 1927, Ira Sprague Bowen published the current explanation identifying their source as doubly ionized oxygen. [1] Other transitions include the forbidden 88.4 μm and 51.8 μm transitions in the far infrared region. [2] Permitted lines of O III lie in the middle ultraviolet band and are hence inaccessible to terrestrial astronomy.
Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure. When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero.
Double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions when laser radiation or charged particles like electrons, [1] positrons [2] or heavy ions [3] are exerted on neutral atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually less probable than single-electron ionization. Two types of double ionization are distinguished: sequential and ...
Doubly ionized oxygen (O 2+ This page was last edited on 27 November 2021, at 11:27 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ...
Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 10 15 tonnes). [19] [70] [d] Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: Mars (with 0.1% O 2 by volume) and Venus have much less. The O
A dielectric gas, or insulating gas, is a dielectric material in gaseous state. Its main purpose is to prevent or rapidly quench electric discharges . Dielectric gases are used as electrical insulators in high voltage applications, e.g. transformers , circuit breakers (namely sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers ), switchgear (namely high ...
Physicists showed in the 1920s that in gas at extremely low density, electrons can populate excited metastable energy levels in atoms and ions, which at higher densities are rapidly de-excited by collisions. [11] Electron transitions from these levels in doubly ionized oxygen give rise to the 500.7 nm line. [12]
[10] [5] ALMA observations detected an emission line associated with doubly ionized oxygen (O III) at 258.7 GHz with a significance of 5σ, suggesting that there is very low dust content in GLASS-z12, if not the early universe as well. [2] Also based on oxygen-related measurements, the age of the galaxy is confirmed. [11] [12]