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Often discussed in tandem with KR-20, is Kuder–Richardson Formula 21 (KR-21). [4] KR-21 is a simplified version of KR-20, which can be used when the difficulty of all items on the test are known to be equal.
Until the development of tau-equivalent reliability, split-half reliability using the Spearman-Brown formula was the only way to obtain inter-item reliability. [4] [5] After splitting the whole item into arbitrary halves, the correlation between the split-halves can be converted into reliability by applying the Spearman-Brown formula.
Glejser test for heteroscedasticity, developed in 1969 by Herbert Glejser, is a statistical test, which regresses the residuals on the explanatory variable that is thought to be related to the heteroscedastic variance. [1]
Reliability does not imply validity.That is, a reliable measure that is measuring something consistently is not necessarily measuring what is supposed to be measured.
Validity is the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. [1] [2] The word "valid" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong.
Previously when assessing a dataset before running a linear regression, the possibility of outliers would be assessed using histograms and scatterplots.
Quantitative Data Analysis with IBM SPSS 17, 18 and 19: A Guide for Social Scientists. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57918-6. Levesque, R. (2007). SPSS Programming and Data Management: A Guide for SPSS and SAS Users (4th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: SPSS Inc. ISBN 978-1-56827-390-7. SPSS 15.0 Command Syntax Reference. Chicago, Illinois: SPSS ...
Cronbach's alpha (Cronbach's ), also known as tau-equivalent reliability or coefficient alpha (coefficient ), is a reliability coefficient and a measure of the internal consistency of tests and measures.