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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. It is a harmful practice that affects millions of girls and women worldwide, especially in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and has serious health and human rights implications.
Learn about the different types and reasons for genital modifications, including penile subincision, piercing, tattooing, scarification, enlargement, and more. Also, find out about the forms and effects of genital mutilation, such as female genital mutilation, intersex surgery, and sexual violence.
Infibulation is the removal and suturing of the vulva or the foreskin, a ritual found in some African countries and ancient Greece. Learn about the types, effects, and history of infibulation, as well as the difference between female and male infibulation.
Learn about the history, types, prevalence, and legality of FGM in the US, a practice that involves the removal or injury of part or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. Find out how FGM is performed by doctors, immigrants, and communities, and how it is addressed by federal and state laws and international resolutions.
FGM is a practice that involves partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is mostly associated with Sunni Islam, but also exists in some Christian and animist groups, and has no health benefits or religious basis.
Learn about the practice, types and prevalence of FGM in 30 African countries, parts of the Middle East and Asia, and some immigrant communities. See maps, data sources and references for each country and region.
Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the penis, which can be done for various reasons, such as preventive healthcare, religious obligation, or cultural practice. Learn about the history, methods, complications, and controversies of circumcision, as well as its association with HIV prevention and other health outcomes.
Learn about the cultural and religious practice of FGM among some Islamic groups in India, especially the Dawoodi Bohra sect. Find out the consequences, controversies, activism and legal status of FGM in India.