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The extra chromosome content can arise through several different ways. The most common cause (about 92–95% of cases) is a complete extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in trisomy 21. [92] [97] In 1–2.5% of cases, some of the cells in the body are normal and others have trisomy 21, known as mosaic Down syndrome.
Transient myeloproliferative disease develops and may be of concern in fetuses. Features in a review of 39 reported fetal cases include: reduced platelet production often accompanied by significantly reduced levels of circulating platelets; reduced red blood cell production sometimes accompanied by mild anemia; increased levels of circulating megakaryoblasts and white blood cells; grossly ...
The clinical manifestations of accelerated aging suggest that trisomy 21 increases the biological age of tissues, but molecular evidence for this hypothesis has been sparse. According to a biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock, trisomy 21 significantly increases the age of blood and brain tissue (on average by 6.6 years). [17]
Notice the three copies of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21 (47,XY,+21) is caused by a meiotic nondisjunction event. [3] A typical gamete (either egg or sperm) has one copy of each chromosome (23 total). When it is combined with a gamete from the other parent during conception, the child has 46 chromosomes.
According to 2002 statistics, AML accounts for about 90% of all acute leukemias in adults and is rare in children. [86] Acute leukemias consist of serious medical conditions relating to an original diagnosis of leukemia , where the abnormal blood cells are immature blood cells ( blasts ).
The incidence of childhood leukemia has been increasing over time. However, this may be because of increased ability to detect, diagnose, and report the disease, rather than an actual increase in children who are affected. [37] [38] ALL is the most common type of childhood leukemia, accounting for 75-80% of diagnoses.
The clinical name for Down syndrome is trisomy 21, a condition in which a person is born with an extra chromosome, causing mild to moderate cognitive disability, developmental delays and physical ...
The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this number varies widely. [3] At the same time, they enjoy a rich social and emotional awareness. [4] Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans, [3] occurring in about one per 1000 babies born each ...