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Chromosomal reciprocal translocation of the 4th and 20th chromosome. In genetics, chromosome translocation is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes balanced and unbalanced translocation, with two main types: reciprocal, and Robertsonian translocation.
Balancer chromosomes were first used in the fruit fly by Hermann Muller, who pioneered the use of radiation for organismal mutagenesis. [2]In the modern usage of balancer chromosomes, random mutations are first induced by exposing living organisms with otherwise normal chromosomes to substances which cause DNA damage; in flies and nematodes, this usually occurs by feeding larvae ethyl ...
This allowed chromosome pairs of otherwise equal size to be differentiated by distinct horizontal banding patterns. Banding patterns are now used to elucidate the breakpoints and constituent chromosomes involved in chromosome translocations. Deletions and inversions within an individual chromosome can also be identified and described more ...
Genomic structural variation is the variation in structure of an organism's chromosome, such as deletions, duplications, copy-number variants, insertions, inversions and translocations. Originally, a structure variation affects a sequence length about 1kb to 3Mb, which is larger than SNPs and smaller than chromosome abnormality (though the ...
Robertsonian translocation occurs in acrocentric chromosome pairs (number II in the image), where the short arms are fairly short but not very short. A: Short arm (p arm) B: Centromere C: Long arm (q arm) D: Sister chromatids. All chromosomes in animals have a long arm (known as q) and a short arm (known as p), separated by a region called the ...
The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope .
Previous diagnostic methods, including short-read sequencing, were unable to provide an answer. With PacBio’s innovative multiomic solutions, researchers identified a chromosome X;13 balanced translocation disrupting four key genes—each through a unique molecular mechanism.
Possessing chromosomes of varying shapes is generally the result of a chromosomal translocation or chromosomal inversion. In a translocation, genetic material is transferred from one chromosome to another, either symmetrically or asymmetrically (a Robertsonian translocation). In an inversion, a segment of a chromosome is flipped end-for-end.