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The presentations may be vague and include incontinence, a change in mental status, or fatigue as the only symptoms, [10] while some present to a health care provider with sepsis, an infection of the blood, as the first symptoms. [7] Diagnosis can be complicated by the fact that many elderly people have preexisting incontinence or dementia. [11]
Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by urinalysis. [2] If there is no improvement with treatment, medical imaging may be recommended. [2] Pyelonephritis may be preventable by urination after sex and drinking sufficient fluids. [1] Once present it is generally treated with antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone.
Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. [4] [7]This initial stage of sepsis is followed by suppression of the immune system. [8]
Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection and comprises about 25% of all sepsis cases. [18] Urosepsis is the result of a systemic inflammatory response to infection and can be identified by numerous signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, hypothermia, tachycardia, and leukocytosis). [ 18 ]
Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra.The most common symptoms include painful or difficult urination and urethral discharge. [1] It is a commonly treatable condition usually caused by infection with bacteria. [2]
Large studies of patients have also failed to show any correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms and a specific diagnosis. [11] Also, recently a report of lower urinary tract symptoms even with malignant features in the prostate failed to be associated with prostate cancer after further laboratory investigation of the biopsy.
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